STUDY HERE BECOME PERFECT

PERFECT STUDY
STUDY HER BECOME PERFECT

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE : -

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED :
The velocity at an instant is defined as the limit of the average velocity as the time
interval Δt becomes infinitesimally small. In other words, lim Where, the symbol  stands for the operation of taking limit as Δt® 0 of the quantity on its right. In the language of calculus, the quantity on the right hand side of equation is the differential coefficient of x with respect to t and is denoted .

ACCELERATION

The average acceleration a over a time interval is defined as the change of velocity divided by the time interval .where v2 and v1 are the instantaneous velocities or simply velocities at time t2 and t1. It is the average change of velocity per unit time. The SI unit of acceleration is ms–2. Since velocity is a quantity having both magnitude and direction, a change in velocity may involve either or both of these factors. Acceleration, therefore, may result from a change in speed (magnitude), a change in direction or changes in both. Like velocity, acceleration can also be positive, negative or zero. 

PHYSICS : PHYSICAL WORLD

INTRODUCTION : -

Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with a certain basic, arbitrarily chosen, internationally accepted reference standard called unit. The result of a measurement of a physical quantity is expressed by a number (or numerical measure) accompanied by a unit. Although the number of physical quantities appears to be very large, we need only a limited number of units for expressing all the physical quantities, since they are interrelated with one another. The units for the fundamental or base quantities are called fundamental or base units. The units of all other physical quantities can be expressed as combinations of the base units. Such units obtained for the derived quantities are called derived units. A complete set of these units, both the base units and derived units, is known as the system of units.

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

Three systems of units, the CGS, the FPS (or British) system and the MKS system were in use extensively till recently. The base units for length, mass and time in these systems were as follows :

• In CGS system they were centimetre, gram and second respectively.

• In FPS system they were foot, pound and second respectively.

• In MKS system they were metre, kilogram and second respectively.

The system of units which is at present internationally accepted for measurement is the Système Internationale d’ Unites (French for International System of Units), abbreviated as SI. The SI, with standard scheme of symbols, units and abbreviations, was developed and recommended by General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1971 for international usage in scientific, technical, industrial and commercial work. Because SI units used decimal system, conversions within the system are quite simple and convenient.

MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH

Measuring Smaller Lengths :  A metre scale is used for lengths from 10–3 m to 102 m. A vernier callipers is used for lengths to an accuracy of 10–4 m. A screw gauge and a spherometer can be used to measure lengths as less as to 10–5 m. To measure lengths beyond these ranges, we make use of some special indirect methods.

Measurement of Large Distances :  Large distances such as the distance of a planet or a star from the earth cannot be measured directly with a metre scale. An important method in such cases is the parallax method. When you hold a pencil in front of you against some specific point on the background (a wall) and look at the pencil first through your left eye A (closing the right eye) and then look at the pencil through your right eye B (closing the left eye), you would notice that the position of the pencil seems to change with respect to the point on the wall. This is called parallax. The distance between the two points of observation is called the basis. In this example, the basis is the distance between the eyes. To measure the distance D of a far away planet S by the parallax method, we observe it from two different positions (observatories) A and B on the Earth, separated by distance AB = b at the same time as shown in the given figure. We measure the angle between the two directions along which the planet is viewed at these two points. The ° Ð ASB in the figure represented by symbol θ is called the parallax angle or parallactic angle.

Estimation of Very Small Distances : Size of a Molecule To measure a very small size like that of a molecule (10–8 m to 10–10 m), we have to adopt special methods. We cannot use a screw gauge or similar instruments. Even a microscope has certain limitations. A simple method for estimating the molecular size of oleic acid is given below. Oleic acid is a soapy liquid with large molecular size of the order of 10–9 m. The idea is to first form mono-molecular layer of oleic acid on water surface. We dissolve 1 cm3 of oleic acid in alcohol to make a solution of 20 cm3. Then we take 1 cm3 of this solution and dilute it to 20 cm3, using alcohol. So, the concentration of the solution is equal to  oleic acid/cm3 of solution. 

 

MEASUREMENT OF TIME
To measure any time interval we need a clock. We now use an atomic standard of time, which is based on the periodic vibrations produced in a cesium atom. This is the basis of the cesium clock, sometimes called atomic clock, used in the national standards. Such standards are available in many laboratories. In the cesium atomic clock, the second is taken as the time needed for 9,192,631,770 vibrations of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of cesium-133 atom. The vibrations of the cesium atom regulate the rate of this cesium atomic clock just as the vibrations of a balance wheel regulate an ordinary wristwatch or the vibrations of a small quartz crystal regulate a quartz wristwatch. The cesium atomic clocks are very accurate. In principle they provide portable standard. The national standard of time interval ‘second’ as well as the frequency is maintained through four cesium atomic clocks. A cesium atomic clock is used at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi to maintain the Indian standard of time. In our country, the NPL has the responsibility of maintenance and improvement of physical standards, including that of time, frequency, etc. Note that the Indian standard Time (IST) is linked to this set of atomic clocks. The efficient cesium atomic clocks are so accurate that they impart the uncertainty in time realization . This implies that the uncertainty gained over time by such a device is less than 1 part in 1013; they lose or gain no more than 3 μs in one year. In view of the tremendous accuracy in time measurement, the SI unit of length has been expressed in terms the path length light travels in certain interval of time (1/299,792,458 of a second).

ACCURACY, PRECISION OF INSTRUMENTS AND ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
Measurement is the foundation of all experimental science and technology. The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some uncertainty. This uncertainty is called error. Every calculated quantity which is based on measured values, also has an error. We shall distinguish between two terms: accuracy and precision. The accuracy of a measurement is a measure of how close the measured value is to the true value of the quantity. Precision tells us to what resolution or limit the quantity is measured. The accuracy in measurement may depend on several factors, including the limit or the resolution of the measuring instrument. For example, suppose the true value of a certain length is near 3.678 cm. In one experiment, using a measuring instrument  resolution 0.1 cm, the measured value is found to be 3.5 cm, while in another experiment using a measuring device of greater resolution, say 0.01 cm, the length is determined to be 3.38 cm. The first measurement has more accuracy (because it is closer to the true value) but less precision (its resolution is only 0.1 cm), while the second measurement is less accurate but more precise. Thus every measurement is approximate due to errors in measurement. In general, the errors in measurement can be broadly classified as (a) systematic errors and (b) random errors. Systematic errors: The systematic errors are those errors that tend to be in one direction, either positive or negative. Some of the sources of systematic errors are : (a) Instrumental errors that arise from the errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument, zero error in the instrument, etc. For example, the temperature graduations of a thermometer may be inadequately calibrated (it may read 104 °C at the boiling point of water at STP whereas it should read 100 °C) in a vernier callipers the zero mark of vernier scale may not coincide with the zero mark of the main scale, or simply an ordinary metre scale may be worn off at one end. (b) Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure To determine the temperature of a human body, a thermometer placed under the armpit will always give a temperature lower than the actual value of the body temperature. Other external conditions (such as changes in temperature, humidity, wind velocity, etc.) during the experiment may systematically affect the measurement. (c) Personal errors that arise due to an individual’s bias, lack of proper setting of the apparatus or individual’s carelessness in taking observations without observing proper precautions, etc. For example, if you, by habit, always hold your head a bit too far to the right while reading the position of a needle on the scale, you will introduce an error due to parallax. 

ECONOMICS : SAMPLE QUESTION

SAMPLE QUESTION ON  :  DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND EXPERIENCE

Q1. What was the focus of economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India? What were the impacts of these policies?
 

Answer: The focus of economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India was to reduce the country to being a feeder economy for Great Britain’s own rapidly expanding modern industrial base. Those policies were more concerned with the protection and promotion of the economic interests of their home country than the development of the Indian economy.
The impacts of those policies are as follows:
- our country became the net supplier of raw materials and consumer of finished goods from Britain. - Insignificant growth in GDP, National and Per Capita Income.
- Lack of Industrialization, etc.
 

Q2. Name some notable economists who estimated India’s per capital income during the colonial period.
 

Answer: Name of some of the notable economists who estimated India’s per capita income during the colonial period are as follows: -
- Dadabhai Naoroji,
- William Digby,
- Findlay Shirras,
- V.K.R.V. Rao and
- R.C. Desai. Among these it was Rao whose estimates of the national and per capita incomes during the colonial period were considered very significant.

Q3. What were the main causes of India’s agricultural stagnation during the colonial period?

Answer: The main causes of India’s agricultural stagnation during the colonial period are as follows: - - Faulty systems of land settlement that were introduced by the colonia government, particularly the zamindari system.  - The profit accruing out of the agriculture sector went to the zamindars instead of the cultivators. However, the zamindars, did nothing to improve the condition of agriculture. The main interest of the zamindars was only to collect rent regardless of the economic condition of the cultivators. - The terms of revenue settlement were rigid. Dates for depositing specified sums of revenue were fixed, failing which the zamindars were to lose their rights.
- Low levels of technology.
- Lack of irrigation facilities.
- Negligible use of fertilizers.

Q4. Name some modern industries which were in operation in our country at  the time of independence.

Answer: The modern industries which were in operation in our country at the time of independence are as follows: -
- Cotton Textile Industries. - Jute Textile Industries. - Iron and Steel Industries. - Sugar Industries. - Cement Industries. - Paper Industries, etc.

Q5. What was the two-fold motive behind the systematic industrialization effected by the British in pre-independent India?
 

Answer: The two-fold motive behind the systematic de-industrialization effected by the British in pre-independent India was, first, to reduce India to the status of a mere exporter of exporter of important raw materials for the upcoming modern industries in Britain and, second, to turn India into a sprawling market for the finished products of those industries so that their continued expansion could be ensured to the maximum advantage of their home country – Britain.

Q6. The traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the British rule. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: Yes I do agree with the view that the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under British rule. It created a new demand in the Indian consumer market, which was now deprived of the supply of locally made goods. This demand was profitably met by the increasing imports of cheap manufactured goods from Britain.
Q7. What objectives did the British intend to achieve through their policies of infrastructure development in India?

Answer: Under the colonial regime, basic infrastructure such as railways, ports, water transport, posts and telegraphs did develop. However, the real motive behind this infrastructure development was not to provide basic amenities to the people but to sub serve various colonial interests. Like the roads that were built primarily served the purposes of mobilizing the army within India and drawing out raw materials from the countryside to the nearest railway station or the port to send these to far away England or other lucrative foreign destinations. The introduction of the expensive system of electric telegraph in India, similarly, served the purpose of maintaining law and order.

Q8. Critically appraise some of the shortfalls of the industrial policy pursue by the British colonial administration.
 

Answer: As we know the industrial policy pursued by the British colonial administration was solely to facilitate the upcoming modern industries in Britain . Though during the second half of the nineteenth century, modern industry began to take root in India but its progress remained very slow. Initially, this development was confined to the setting up of cotton and jute textile mills. Subsequently, the iron and steel industries began coming up in the beginning of the twentieth century. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was incorporated in 1907. A few other industries in the fields of sugar, cement, paper etc. came up after the Second World War. However, there was hardly any capital goods industry to help promote further industrialization in India. The establishment of a few manufacturing units here and there was no substitute of the near wholesale displacement of the country’s traditional handicraft industries. Furthermore, the growth rate of the new industrial sector and its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) remained very small.  Another significant drawback of the new industrial sector was the very limited area of operation of the public sector. This sector remained confined only to the railways, power generation, communications, ports and some other departmental undertakings.
 

Q9. What do you understand by the drain of Indian wealth during the colonial period?
Answer: India has been an important trading nation since ancient times. But the restrictive policies of commodity production, trade and tariff pursued by the colonial government adversely affected the structure, composition and volume of India’s foreign trade. Consequently India became an exporter of primary products and an importer of finished consumer goods and capital goods. The most important characteristic of India’s foreign trade throughout the colonial period was the generation of a large export surplus. But this surplus came at huge cost to the country’s economy. Furthermore, this export surplus did not result in any flow of gold or silver into India. Rather, this was used to make payments for the expenses incurred by an office set up by the colonial government in Britain, expenses on war, again fought by the British government, and the import of invisible items, all of which led to the drain of Indian wealth.
 

Q10. Which is regarded as the defining year to mark the demographic transition from its first to the second decisive stage?
Answer: The year 1921 is regarded as the defining year to mark the demographic transition from its first to the second decisive stage.
 

Q11. Give a quantitative appraisal of India’s demographic profile during the colonial period.
Answer: After the year 1921 which is regarded as the defining year to mark the demographic transition from its first to the second decisive stage, the overall literacy level was less than 16%. Out of this the female literacy level was at a negligible low of about 7%. The infant mortality rate was quite alarming- about 218 per thousand in contrast to the present infant mortality rate of 63 per thousand. Life expectancy was also very low- 32 years in contrast to the present 63 years. In the absence of reliable data, it is difficult to specify the extent of poverty at that time but there is no doubt that extensive poverty prevailed in India during the colonial period.

Q12. Highlight the salient features of India’s pre-independence occupational structure.
Answer: The salient features of India’s pre-independence occupational structure are as follows: -
The agricultural sector accounted for the largest share of work force, which usually remained at a high of 70-75% while the manufacturing and the services sectors  accounted for only 10 and 15-20% respectively. Another striking aspect was the growing regional variation. Parts of the then Madras Presidency (comprising areas of the present-day states of TamilNadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka), Maharashtra and West Bengal witnessed a decline in the dependence of the  workforce on the agricultural sector with a commensurate increase in the manufacturing and the services sectors. However, there had been an increase in the share of workforce in agriculture during the same time in states such as Orissa, Rajasthan and Punjab.
Q13. Underscore some of India’s most crucial economic challenges at the time of independence.
Answer: By the time India won its independence, the impact of the two-century long British colonial rule was already showing on all aspects of the Indian economy. The agricultural sector was already saddled with surplus labour and extremely low productivity. There was an urgent need of modernization, diversification, capacity building and increased public investment in industrial sector. Foreign trade was oriented to feed the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Infrastructure facilities, including the famed railway network, needed up gradation, expansion and public orientation. Prevalence of rampant poverty and unemployment required welfare orientation of public economic policy. 

Q14. When was India’s first official census operation undertaken?
Answer: In the year 1881 India’s first official census operation wan undertaken.

Q15. Indicate the volume and direction of trade at the time of
independence.
Answer: Due to restrictive policies of the colonial government India became an exporter of primary products such as raw silk, cotton, wool, sugar, indigo, jute etc . and an importer of finished consumer goods like cotton, silk and woolen clothes and capital goods like light machinery produced in the factories of Britain, For all practical purposes, Britain maintained a monopoly control over India’s exports and imports, As a result, more than half of India’s foreign trade was restricted to Britain while the rest was allowed with a few other countries like China, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Persia (Iran).

Q16. Were there any positive contributions made by the British in India? Discuss.
Answer: We know that everything has its positive and negative aspects. So with so many negatives there were some positive contributions made by the British in India. Though it was not intentional but it was out of their own needs. The British introduced the railways in India in 1850 and it is considered as one of their most important contributions. The railways affected the structure of the Indian economy in two important ways, On the one hand it enabled people t undertake long distance travel and thereby break geographical and cultural barriers while, on the other hand, it fostered commercialization of Indian agriculture which adversely affected the comparative self-sufficiency of the village economies in India. The volume of the India’s export trade undoubtedly expanded. Along with the development of roads and railways, the colonial dispensation also took measures for developing the inland trade and sea lines. It also introduced the electric telegraph and the postal services in India which served a useful public purpose.

ECONOMICS : SAMPLE QUESTION

ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1991

LIBERALISATION, PRIVATISATION AND GLOBALISATION: AN APPRAISAL

 

Question 1: Why were reforms introduced in India?
 

Answer: We know that since independence, India followed the mixed economy framework by combining the advantages of the market economic system wit those of the planned economic system. But over the years, this policy resulted in the establishment of a variety of rules and laws which were aimed at controlling and regulating the economy and instead ended up hampering the process of growth and development.The economy was facing problems of declining foreign exchange, growing imports without matching rise in exports and high inflation. India changed its economic policies in 1991 due to a financial crisis and pressure from international organizations like the World Bank and IMF.
 

Question 2: How Many countries are members of the WTO?
 

Answer: The WTO has 153 member countries.
 

Question 3: What is the most important function of RBI?
 

Answer: The most important function of RBI is to control and facilitate the financial sector of India. All the banks and other financial institutions in India are controlled through various norms and regulations of the RBI.
 

Question 4: How was RBI controlling the commercial banks?
 

Answer: All the banks in India are controlled through various norms and regulations of the RBI. The RBI decides the amount of money that the banks can keep with themselves, fixes interest rates, nature of lending to various sectors etc.
 

Question 5: What do you understand by devaluation of rupee?
 

Answer: Devaluation of rupee means decreasing rupee value in the foreign exchange market.. In 1991, as an immediate measure to resolve the balance of payments crisis, the rupee was devalued against foreign currencies. This was to boost the export and this led to an increase in the inflow of foreign exchange.

Question 6: Distinguish between the following
(i) Strategic and Minority sale
(ii) Bilateral and multi-lateral trade
(iii) Tariff and Non-tariff barriers.

Answer: (i) Strategic and Minority sale:- A Strategic sale is generally the privatization process, where by the major stake i.e. at least 51% or more share in a government organization is sold off to the highest bidder, thereby handing over the management of the organization to the private or autonomous body. In Minority sale the Government sell a minority stake, while retaining at least 51% of the shares along with full management control so as not to disturb the Public Sector character of the companies.
(ii) Bilateral and multi-lateral trade: - Bilateral trade means the trade relation between the two countries, while multilateral trade is the multi countries trade relation.
(iii) Tariff and Non-tariff barriers: - A tariff is a duty imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. It is economic policy of restraining trade between nations. Tariff are usually imposed on imported goods . Non-tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff. It may be quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries, Sanitary and phyto-sanitary conditions, packaging conditions,  Product standards etc.
 

Question 7: Why are tariff imposed?

Answer: A tariff is a duty imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. It is one of the major sources of revenue for the Government. But They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations. For political reasons, tariffs are usually imposed on imported goods, although they may also be imposed on exported goods.
 

Question 8: What is the meaning of quantitative restrictions?

Answer: Quantitative restrictions are specific limits imposed by countries on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported or exported. Quantitative restrictions can be in the form of a quota, a monopoly or any other quantitative means. In other words, quantitative restrictions refer to non-tariff measures, which are taken to regulate or prohibit international trade. In order to protect domestic industries, India was following a regime of quantitative restrictions on imports. This was encouraged through tight control over imports and by keeping the tariffs very high.

Question 9: Those public sector undertakings which are making profits should be privatized. Do you agree with this view? Why?
 

Answer: The profit making public sector undertakings are the great source of revenue for the Government but these are needed to run or manage properly otherwise these turns into a huge burden for the Government. I am not against the privatization but we need to retain some profit making public sector undertakings to check the monopoly in the market. Only thing that the government should give certain autonomy and accountability to the managements of those profit making undertakings in their workings so that they remain as the profit making units in this competitive market.

Question 10: Do you think outsourcing is good for India? Why are developed countries opposing it?
 

Answer: Outsourcing is good for India, since it has generated the new employment opportunities in the Indian economy, contributed in GDP and has increased the foreign reserve in the country. Developed nations are opposing it, since their people are losing their jobs due to high wage rate in their countries as compared to India, while the skill levels are more or less same.

Question 11: India has certain advantages which makes it a favourite outsourcing destination. What are these advantages?

Answer: The low wage rates and availability of skilled manpower in India have made it a favourite destination for global outsourcing. Most multinational corporations, and even small companies, are outsourcing their services to India where they can be availed at a cheaper cost with reasonable degree of skill and accuracy.

Question 12: Do you think the navaratna policy of the government helps in improving the performance of public sector undertakings in India? How?

Answer: In 1996, in order to improve efficiency, infuse professionalism and enable them to compete more effectively in the liberalized global environment, the government chose nine (later two more PSUs are given the same status) PSUs and declared them as navaratnas. They were given greater managerial and operational autonomy, in taking various decisions to run the company efficiently and thus increase their profits. Greater operational, financial and managerial autonomy had also been granted to 97 other profit-making enterprises referred to as mini ratnas.
 

Question 13: What are the major factors responsible for the high growth of the service sector?

Answer: The major factors responsible for the high growth of the service sector in India the low wage rates and availability of skilled manpower. The revolution in Information Technology (IT) field in India has also played a major role in the high growth of the service sector.

Question 14: Agriculture sector appears to be adversely affected by the reform process. Why?

Answer: Reforms have not been able to benefit agriculture, where the growth rate has been decelerating. Public investment in agriculture sector especially in infrastructure, which includes irrigation, power, roads market linkages and research and extension, has been reduced in the reform period. Further, the removal of fertilizer subsidy has led to increase in the cost of production.
Moreover, since the commencement of WTO, this sector has been experiencing a number of policy changes such as reduction in import duties on agricultural products, removal of minimum support price and lifting of quantitative restrictions on agricultural products; these have adversely affected Indian farmers as they now have to face increased international competition.

Question 15: Why has the industrial sector performed poorly in the reform period?

Answer: Like the Agriculture sector, the industrial growth has also recorded a slowdown in the reform period. This is because of decreasing demand of industrial products due to various reasons such as cheaper imports, inadequate investment in infrastructure etc. Cheaper imports have replaced the demand for domestic goods. Domestic manufacturers are facing competition from imports. The infrastructure facilities, including power supply have remained inadequate due to lack of investment.

Question 16: Discuss economic reforms in India in the light of social justice and welfare.
 

Answer: If the economic reforms have given us an opportunity in terms of greater access to global markets and high technology, it has also compromised the welfare of people belonging to poor section. The crisis that erupted in the early 1990s was basically an outcome of the deep rooted inequalities in Indian society and the economic reform policies initiated as a response to the crisis by the government, with externally advised policy package, further aggravated the inequalities.. Further, it has increased the income and quality of consumption of only high-income groups and the growth has been concentrated only in some select areas in the services sector such as telecommunication, information technology, hospitality etc.

BIOLOGY

                                       BIOLOGY

                  DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM

Biology is the science of life forms and living processes . The living world comprises an amazing diversity of living organisms. Early man could easily perceive the difference between inanimate matter and living organisms . Early man deified some of the inanimate matter and some among the animals and plants . A common feature of all such forms inanimate and animates objects was sense of awe or fear that they evoked . The description of living organisms including humans beings began much later in human history . Societies which including in anthropocentric view of biology could register limited progress biological knowledge . systematic and monumental description of life forms brought in , out of necessity , detailed systems of identification , nomenclature and classification .

THE LIVING WORLD : CHARACTERSTICS

                      Characteristics of Living Beings

 

1. Growth : All living organisms grow in size and number. Some non-living things also grow. For example mountains develop over a period of time. But growth of non-living things is a result of accumulation of substances from outside. On the other hand growth of living beings comes from inside. A continuous process of cell division makes this growth possible. Most of the plants show growth in size throughout their life. But animals grow to a certain limit. After this the cell division facilitates repair in the organism. The growth from inside is also called organic growth.

2. Reproduction :- All living beings reproduce their progeny. Progeny are more or less similar to their parents. Reproduction can be sexual or asexual. Most of the unicellular and less complex organisms reproduce by asexual methods. Multicellular and complex organisms reproduce by sexual methods. Reproduction by sexual method involves formation of male and female gametes and fusion of those gametes results in formation of zygotes, which ultimately give birth to the new progeny.

3. Metabolism :- All living organisms are made of chemicals. These chemicals are constantly undergoing some change inside the body of a living organism. The process of this constant change is called metabolism. Metabolism can be classified in two types

(a) Anabolism:- The process which results in synthesis of something is called anabolism. Photosynthesis is a good example of anabolism as it involves synthesis of carbohydrates.

(b) Catabolism:- The process which results in breaking down of a compound is called catabolism. Respiration is a good example of Catabolism as it involves breaking down of carbohydrates into carbon-dioxide and water.

4. Response to Outside Stimuli: All living organisms show a response to outside stimulus. These stimuli can be light, heat, other organisms or chemicals. For example all green plants grow in the direction from which sunlight comes. All animals are sensitive to heat.